Unme Jeans

Which, if any, of the three social media plans should Foley pursue? Why? oI would suggest that Foley pursue advertising on all three social media outlets proposed. They are all good places to reach their target demographic and the cost isn’t that high to leverage those outlets. Their buyers are social media users and they should try to reach them there. I would suggest running all three for a year and see which are return best and then she could re-evaluate from there. What benefits would Foley gain from each of the three social media plans? What risks does each entail? How can Foley better reap the benefits and mitigate the risks of each of the programs? oThe benefit of being in the social media plan is that UnME would have a presence where their target market goes to socialize and communicate with each other. It would give them the opportunity to interact with their customers in their world and raise the level of involvement with their customers and potential customers.The r isk is that they will not be able to engage their customers in a personal and meaningful manner, which seems to be critical for successful online marketing. I would advise her to seek out several marketing plans for online engagement and really look for a firm with a proven track record with online and will focus on more than just the interface. †¢How should Foley integrate social media into her traditional media plans? Should Foley take money out of traditional media (television, magazine, radio, Internet banner and search ads) to fund her social media programs?Why or why not? oI would recommend that Foley work with a firm to run a campaign that leverages the advantages of different traditional media in conjunction with online social media. There is still a solid (if shrinking) market in print and television so I would choose to be strategic with those dollars. But I would definitely run a marketing campaign that went hand in hand with the online media. †¢How should Foley measure the results of her social media plans? Which media metrics are best and least suited for a Web 2. world? oIt is definitely harder to quantify the return from online marketing against. They should work with a qualified web expert to establish good metrics for measuring the campaign. †¢Is UnME Jeans the right or wrong type of brand and/or product for Web 2. 0? Why? What advantages does the brand have in this new cultural world? What disadvantages does it have? oI think that UnME is the right type of brand and product for Web 2. 0. Their audience is younger, tech savvy, they are active online and UnMe has a unique product.They are about the experience of denim, not just the product and that is a good fit for social media. †¢How well do the social media plans address the emerging challenges of the rapidly changing media environment outlined in the case? What can you change in the social media plans to make them more effective for UnME’s target consumers? oI am not convinced that the proposed plans are the best use of social media. I like the widgets and the idea of voting for the next design, but they really need to concentrate on user experience. That is always key for online success.

Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix Essay

Consider this, Is what we believe to be real and true real and true? In the movie The Matrix, Neo is a computer programer by day and hacker by night. He senses that something is wrong with the world but insists what he know he feels. When he dreams, he isn’t sure if it was real or just a dream just as Descartes believes he cannot trust his senses to tell him whether or not he is still dreaming. Neo meets with Morpheus and Morpheus gives Neo the option of knowing the truth. According to Morpheus the world isn’t real, it is an illusion and offers Neo a life altering choice. To take a pill that will give him the truth. The truth Morpheus refers to is that the world Neo believes in is just an illusion. What Neo perceives as real by his senses is nothing more than a computer generating ideas in his head without any real experiences. Morpheus gives Neo the option of continuing to live his life in the shadows and the way he perceives it or to see the light and the truth. This closely resembles the allegory of the cave by Pluto. Plato invites us to imagine humans being held prisoners, with no freedom to move or see except what is directly in front of them in the form of shadows. This is the prisoners reality. This is what they come to believe is real. When in-fact there is another world just beyond their reality. It is only after one prisoner escapes the shackles and chains and finds that the actual world is not just shadows but a world with the light of the sun. The prisoner has difficulty adjusting his eyes to the brightness, but eventually does. This experience parallels to what Neo experiences. Descartes poses the questions in his work Meditations of First Philosophy, 1961, of how we cannot for certain that the world he experiences isn’t not the product of an illusion forced upon him by an evil demon. He questions what he believes is real because of what he sees and feels while dreaming and therefore can’t trust his senses to tell him if 2he is still dreaming. When Neo accepts the â€Å"red pill† and his perception of his life slips away when he realizes that the human race is held in containers, unconscious, with a computer generating their thoughts and experiences. Humans invented Artificial Intelligence and in turn the AI took over mankind and enslaved them using them for the energy they required to stay ‘alive’. Neo realizes what Descartes proposed, that Neo’s life was just controlled by an evil demon, the Matrix. But Descartes went on to argue the existence of God, saying a Good God would not let an evil demon control us. Neo struggles with this new truth because he didn’t believe in fate because he didn’t like the idea he wasn’t in control of life. Neo life as he knew it is gone, and he is faced with the new reality and he struggles with the different emotions first of shock, fear and disbelief and then acceptance. He joins the group of dissidents to help others see the truth and reality of life. Knowing the truth doesn’t necessarily ‘set you free’ as we find out. A fellow dissident Cypher discovers the truth is hard and decides that ‘ignorance is bliss’. He negotiates a deal to deliver Morpheus in turn for his previous ‘life’. For Cypher, the truth was too much to handle, he liked the illusion of his previous life. Once Neo gains knowledge of he Matrix, he is able to discern between the truth and illusion and ascends to a higher level of understanding. He realizes that he can no longer blindly accept information received through his senses, but must requires answers to his questions. He like Descartes comes to the conclusion â€Å"I think, therefore I am†. The difference between the Matrix and Plato and Descartes is the movie gives Neo a way back to the physical real world whereas Plato and Descartes only suggest there is another reality and we are dreaming but doesn’t give us a way back. None of the notables address God within the realm of truth. God states he is the way of the light and the truth. We are challenged in our daily lives to live a real life.

Native American Storytelling Lit Paper

Native American Storytelling November 12, 2012 ENG/301 Native American Storytelling Native American literature is the root of cultural storytelling, which is told through oral tradition, this consist of stories and songs verbally. Native American literature use literary conventions in the root of myth and symbolic examples in storytelling. The book â€Å"Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology† gives good insight into the Native American ways of life and how storytelling is a part of that life.Short stories by Simon Oritz and Luther Standing Bear share life experience and cultural diversity. The reader can see how historical, social and political, and cultural ways play a role in the Native Americans storytelling. Storytelling is important in Native American literature. It began through â€Å"†¦both oral performances and in the imagination of written narratives, cannot be discovered in reductive social science translations or altogether understood in historical constructions of culture in one common name† (Vizenor, 1995, p. 1).Storytelling is the verbal source of stories; a well told story takes its reader on a quest or journey and well descriptive. â€Å"The metaphors in oral stories are mundane, abstruse, mysterious, unnamable, and more, but few collections in translation reveal the rich context of the songs and stories† (Vizenor, 1995, p. 7). Native American culture uses stories and songs to entertain as well as a way to teach the youth and inspire. Storytelling is an important tool in the Native American society. Storytelling is how Native Americans passed down the history, heritage, and traditions of their culture. Tragic wisdom is the source of native reason, the common sense gained from the adverse experience of discovery, colonialism, and culture domination† (Vizenor, 1995, p. 6). Native American literature use different types of literary conventions in storytelling traditions. According to Sinnaeve (2012) website, the Native American literary conventions are trickster, death, creation myths, and spiritual relationship to the land. â€Å"The trickster is an important literary and critical presence in contemporary Native American studies† (Cox, 2005, p. 252). Tricksters come in many forms â€Å"such as Raven, Spider and Coyote are haracters in Native American mythology who represent the underside of human nature† (Sinnaeve, 2012). â€Å"In this literary critical context, a trickster uses sleight of hand and tongue to evade, manipulate, and subvert the colonial world† (Cox, 2005, p. 252). In the poem â€Å"My Father’s Song† written by Simon Ortiz, the poem speaks of the importance of creation. The creation of life, land, and plantation, the story is about a boy who is learning to planet corn. â€Å"We planted corn one spring at Acu – we planted several times but this one particular time I remember the soft damp sand in my hand† (O rtiz, 1981/1995, p. 260).Within the field the boy and his father found a nest of mice, the father showed the boy how to gentle pick them up, and take them to the end â€Å"of the field and put them in the shade† (Ortiz, 1981/1995, p. 260). The purpose of literary conventions in storytelling helps to educate the new generation, â€Å"These stories have been carried down orally for generations, often by parents teaching their children about fundamental cultural truths† (Sinnaeve, 2012). The Native American people went through many changes throughout history, social and political, and cultural events. A social and political event was the education of young Native Americans.In 1879, many Native American children were put into the United States Government schools, to teach the youth of the White man’s ways and language. In the story â€Å"My People, the Sioux,† written by Luther Standing Bear, one learns of the hardship the children had to go through. â€Å"I t is my desire that all people know the truth about the first Americans and their relations with the United States Government† (Bear, 1975/1996, p. 33). In this story Bear tells the reader how Native American schools began. A man name Captain Pratt though, to better the White people he should â€Å"†¦get some young Indians children and educate them† (Bear, 1975/1996, p. 4). The United States government approved the education of Native American children. Captain Pratt was not prepared to start school, â€Å"He brought some of the Indian prisoners from Virginia with him, and they remained in the Carlisle Barracks until Captain Pratt could go to Dakota and return with his first consignment of ‘scholars’† (Bear, 1975/1996, p. 34). When the young Native Americans first arrived they had to sleep on the cold hard floor, later on they were given bags to fill up with straw to sleep on, but the children had to fill them up themselves.The children only had the blankets they brought from home. For breakfast the children had bread and water, and lunch meat, bread, and coffee. The children were all renamed with a white man’s name, but they were not taught how to pronounce the names. The author, Bear, was one of the first Native American boys to learn his name; in the story the reader can see how proud he was of his accomplishment. The children had their haircut as a White man’s haircut and soon after wore clothing as the White man. Bear and his cousin, although, bought White man’s clothes with the money their parents sent them.The Native American children choose a religion for themselves then attended Sunday school for those religions. â€Å"I did these duties all the time I was at Carlisle School, so in the early part of 1880, although I was a young boy of but twelve, I was busy learning everything my instructors handed me† (Bear, 1975/1996, p. 44). The root of storytelling is through the Native American cul ture. Storytelling takes the reader or listener on a journey of the culture and life experience of the people within the culture. Native Americans use literary convention, such as trickster, death, creation myths, etc. to create more allusion.It gives the story more purpose by teaching the reader through the story of the trickster character. Storytelling shares life experience, such as learning to read and write in Bear story â€Å"My People, the Sioux. † Although the reader can see how the White man treated the Native American children a bit harshly, the Native American children overcame it and received an education out of the experience. Native Americans use storytelling for different events and ways of life, such as pass down and education on the cultural history, traditions, knowledge, cares wisdom, morals, and lessons. Reference Bear, L. (1995). My People, the Sioux. In G.Vizenor (Eds) Native American literature. A brief introduction and anthology. New York, NY: Addison- Wesley. (Original works published in 1975) Bridges, K. (2011). South Ark: South Arkansas Community College. Retrieved from http://www. southark. edu/index. php/dr-ken-bridges/1392-united-states-since-1876 Cox, J. H. (2005). Living Sideways: Tricksters in American Indian Oral Traditions. Melus, 30(2), 252. Oritz, S. (1995). My Father’s Song. In G. Vizenor (Eds) Native American literature. A brief introduction and anthology. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. (Original works published in 1981) Sinnaeve, V. (2012). Wise Geek. Retrieved from

System Ergonomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

System Ergonomics - Essay Example The goal in ergonomics is to identify aspects of the job that are hazardous and to redesign these aspects so that they are safer (Owen, 2000). This paper examines how ergonomics can be used to train workers to cope with a disastrous situation. Hillsborough disaster occurred on April 15, 1989, at Hillsborough football stadium in Sheffield, England. It has been the worst-ever sporting disaster, resulting in 96 deaths and 766 injuries during the FA Cup semi-final between Nottingham Forest and Liverpool (BBC News, 1989). The Hillsborough stadium was segregated between the opposing fans, with the Liverpool fans being assigned to the Leppings Lane End of the stadium with the capacity of 14,600 people, while the Forest fans were given the Spion End of the ground which held 21,000 (Mirron Football, 2010). Half an hour before the kickoff, the crowd started getting bigger outside the Leppings Lane because the turnstiles were not able to let enough fans in fast enough to ease the pressure (BBC News, 1989). The match was scheduled for 3.00 pm but by that time, more than 5000 fans were still outside the stadium. As the match began, orders were given to open the gates to stand, which did not have turnstiles, to ease the pressure of fans outside the ground to avoid deaths there (BBC News, 1989). This caused a rush of fans through the gate into the stadium, pushing the ones who were already there forward and crushing them against the high, wired-topped safety fences. The people who were entering were unaware of the pressure they were causing at the fences and there were no police or stewards standing at the entrance to direct these fans. An estimated 2,000 fans entered the ground through the exit gate and a large number of them went down the tunnel which led straight in to pens 3 and 4, in the centre of the terrace (Wade, 2010). Since there were no policemen or stewards present at the terrace, no one was able to direct the crowd to the side and the pressure started building up

What efforts have governments in Korea made to reform the chaebol Essay

What efforts have governments in Korea made to reform the chaebol since the mid 1990s - Essay Example Over the past two decades its annual growth rate in terms of gross national product (GNP) has been 9% and exports have increased 30%--the highest increase and growth rate in the world for that time span. By achieving $70 billion annually in exports, with a surplus in ordinary balance of more than $9 billion a year, Korea is now among the worlds top ten exporters. Today, Koreas per-capita income has reached $5,000--up from a meager $82 in 1961 (Chan Sup Chang, 1988). It is clear that strong leadership, sound economic planning by the government and the prodigious productivity of Koreas workers are important elements in this remarkable economic boom. As one Japanese executive said, "The Koreans are the only people who still work hard." Skilled and diligent workers have been an especially important driving force behind economic success (Ihlwan, 1998). According to the International Labour Organization, the Korean work week averages 54.4 hours--the highest in the world. However, the real catalysts in Koreas economic success have been the efforts of the private business sector, especially those of the chaebols (Korean conglomerates or financial cliques). The Bank of Korea reports that the total earnings of Koreas top 30 chaebols will reach $200 billion--about 95% of the nations GNP--in the 1990s. Clearly, the state of the Korean economy reflects the success of the chaebols; as a result, these groups have piqued international interest. In this article we shall examine the corporate values and strategies unique to chaebols. Korean chaebols--e.g., Hyundai, Samsung, and Lucky-Goldstar--emerged as major corporations during the late 1950s. The formation and growth of such conglomerates accelerated between the early 1960s (e.g., Hanjin, Korea Explosive, Hyosung, Ssangyong, and Dong-A) and the early 1970s (e.g., Daewoo, Sunkyong, Lotte, Kolon, and Doosan). Korean chaebols are often compared to

ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignment Example Political risk is the effect of change in political policies on investment. It is upon the government how much they want to return to the investor, they may even stop him from withdrawing his capital. Iquisha further commented below as to how helpful Susan’s post was as she thought the answer would be none of the above and the investors received the correct amount of return due to exchange rate. Iquisha’s comment is welcomed and we hope all her ambiguity is cleared through the answer. Another student Marquisha also commented to Susan’s answer in a positive manner and also stated about political risk from her book. Marquisha’s effort is highly appreciated. If US dollar depreciates, it implies that more dollars are required to purchase foreign goods, which in turn means that foreign goods become expensive for Americans. However, for foreigners, the implication of a depreciation in the US dollar is favorable. Due to decline in US dollar’s value against foreign currencies, the holders of the respective foreign currencies will find US goods cheaper, as they have to spend less dollars (Byrd, Hickman and

Research Analysis Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis - Research Paper Example This day, terrorists attacked America using four hijacked planes, which they ran into major buildings in the United States, i.e. The World Trade Center, The Pentagon, and Shanksville field, causing great havoc of property and humanity. The country’s national flag flies at half-mast in respect to all those people who lost their lives during the 9/11terror attack. This takes place in all American homes, White House and all government buildings across the world, i.e. embassies of the United States (Crotty 64). Furthermore, all American citizens collectively take the moment of silence at the same time, i.e. exactly at 8.46 AM, marking the moment when the first plane hit the WTC (World Trade Center). Consequently, some communities who suffered the most from the attack hold prayer meetings and special church services. Those personally affected during the attack and those who lost their loved ones or got injured, lay flowers where they buried their loved ones or visit memorial center s, such as the Ground Zero. However, this is not a national holiday and therefore businesses and schools do not close, neither do public transit systems change their operating schedules. What most organizations do is to take some time out of their busy schedules to hold prayers for those who suffered. This is in commemoration of the Patriots Day in the United States, as clearly outlined in the three texts discussed below (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks 464). Describing and Analyzing a Poem by Adam Zagajewski Entitled ‘Try to Praise the Mutilated World’ A Polish national Adam Zagajewski wrote a poem ‘Try to Praise the Mutilated World’ in Polish language. Another author, Clare Cavanagh translated it from Polish to English. It was issued on September 24, 2001. The poem refers to America as the world, mutilated after the attack by terrorists on the 11 of September 2001. After the attack, the rosy features of the country changed from blossoming to perp etual failure. Several excerpts from the poem describe how parts of the country and the economy were undergoing successful development and growth, until the fateful attack brought them to a standstill. Thousands of young and capable men and women lost their lives during the attack. The citizens with a lot of potential to give back to the society succumbed to injuries during the attack that transformed them to weaklings and dependants (Mills Vii). The poet uses metaphors and synonyms in presenting America before the attack. The poet uses themes such as wild strawberries to paint a vivid picturesque of America to the readers. He outlines the impacts of the attack using touching phrases, such as abandoned homesteads as their owners run away to exile, stylish ships and yachts at sea in salty oblivion of the dangers awaiting them, refugees who had nowhere in particular to go to in escaping the wars at home. This is a mutilated world and a complete contrast of the original blossoming and successful world where people sang joyfully and music flared. The author equates the terror attack as the main cause of mutilating the world (Mills Vii). Analyzing the First Visual Text on the 9/11, Attacks- Attacking the Twin Towers Visual texts regarding Patriots Day in t

Are we getting overly dependant on technology Essay

Are we getting overly dependant on technology - Essay Example For this reason, people have become lazy to do go their work thus becoming obese. For an instant, a CEO who does not want to attend a meeting in the office, one can just conduct the meeting in their house by use of a webcam. According to Shenk (1997), people have been so dependent on technology such that they cannot solve a simple calculation without the help of a calculator. The today’s children cannot write in good handwriting because they are used to just using a computer to write whatever they need. They do not have time even to learn to write cursive. Computer and internet are not as perfect as people may think. There are some things these technological devices and media cannot teach (Shenk 1997). If the whole world were to lose power, some people would not be able to do some things. The world would stand still as individuals would have been used to technology doing their everyday activities. Because of the continuous advancement of technology, the ultimate fear is that people will completely rely on technology to run their lives. However, people need to resist this temptation and try to learn some things

Social Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Construction - Essay Example The chief delayed in giving the Spaniards women, thus, a fight ensued, leaving twenty Spaniards dead. The Spaniards in return burned the town, killing hundreds of Choctaw and causing ruins in the town. This made the Choctaws develop a grudge with the Europeans, and racism developed. The Indians got discriminated against because they were not whites (Brescia, 1982). Native Americans got inferior treatment and had to be educated on how to behave like whites. They faced subjection to slavery and denial of civil rights because of their skin color. They also faced marginalization and discrimination. Africans forcefully became slaves of the white Americans with no powers or rights as demonstrated in the African slave trade (Hogendorn & Johnson, 1986). During the Second World War, African Americans were stigmatized, denied all rights, and got a second hand citizen treatment. The African slaves provided labor in farming production and domestic work. The Asian American got subjected to racism and had laws discriminating them in United States. The Chinese got prohibited from entering the United States. They provided hard labor and were forced to do risky work that endangered and killed many of them. These included building the first intercontinental railway and making roads through the mountains (Kevin, 2005). Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited al l Chinese immigrants from entering United States. The poor whites of the rural got discriminated against due to their poor economic status. Examples of this sub group are the Mormons and French Canadians (Hudson, 1971). Racism is a social construct as it connects individuals of the same race and helps them bond with other races in the society. Orientalism states that American culture and literature reinforces prejudice against non western cultures and classifies them as Orientals or others. Orientalism is the study of people from eastern Asia, especially Japan

Obesity and Responsibility Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity and Responsibility - Lab Report Example The second article is titled "Weighing in on the Issue of Childhood Obesity: An Overweight Child Often Becomes the Target of Discrimination and Ridicule on the Playground. Clearly, the Problems That Overweight Children Encounter Go beyond the Physical" by Cynthia Lynn-Garbe and James L. Hoot. It concludes that the school environments can play a powerful role in influencing children's eating behaviors, especially those of the obese. However, since families and the community are equally important in this regard, schools should link up with them to promote healthful eating and activity patterns. The author's approach is therefore more of choice of methodology and methods. The two articles are relatively impartial as expected of research materials. The first one on "Economic perspectives on childhood obesity" is critical of schools in that schools appear to be making money out of selling food indiscriminately to the detriment of children who can become obese of these foods. It is also critical of mothers who had to work but spend less time to think of the children's intake - whether balanced or not. It is assumed that "researchers are anxious to understand the reasons underlying the trends, policy-makers would like to implement programs to promote a healthier population, and the media reports virtually every glimmer of insight from research and every potential policy remedy." The focus of interest is on national health. The second article on "An Overweight Child Often Becomes the Target of Discrimination and Ridicule" is relatively impartial in that it targets the teachers as capable of doing something for the obesity problem as though schools could stem any obesity problem that starts from the homes. The focus of interest is on what teachers could do over obese children in school. (d) How does the sort of intellectual project being undertaken affect the research questions addressed "Economic perspectives on childhood obesity" gives a thorough explanation of how obesity could start from environmental settings, but it does not point any finger directly in answer the research question. It's interest is to lead the discussion to a need for an effective policy. The second article on "An Overweight Child Often Becomes the Target of Discrimination and Ridicule" also does not answer the research question but rather proposes good practice. (e) How does the sort of intellectual project being undertaken affect the place of theory "Economic perspectives on childhood obesity" doesn't mention about theory at all. It is atheoretical. The second article on "An Overweight Child Often Becomes the Target of Discrimination and Ridicule" quotes Smith (1999:82) as saying that "Experts believe that obesity most probably results from the interaction of an individual's genetic makeup with the environment in which the person lives." And to this they add that educators can influence these two factors (Epstein, 1993). This study is

What are the key causes and effects of world population growth Essay

What are the key causes and effects of world population growth - Essay Example Today World Population is equal to 7.289 billion people. This is a significant increase compared to the years 10Â  000Â  BC (when population was estimated to be in the range of 1-10 million people) and 1Â  AD (when population was estimated to be in the range of 170-400 million people). The main checkpoint years of population growth for the past 2Â  000 years are: 1804 (population reached 1 billion people), 1927 (2 billion), 1960 (3 billion), 1974 (4 billion), 1987 (5 billion), 1999 (6 billion), 2012 (7 billion) (Current World Population 2015, World Population. Historical Estimates of World Population 2013, Population growth (annual %)) n.d.). The average growing rate of population is almost 1.15% per year, the highest rate of 2-2.2% was observed in 1960s. 60% of population live in Asia, 15.5% - in Africa, 10.4% - in Europe, 8.6% - in Latin America and Caribbean islands, 5% - in Northern America, 0.5% - in Oceania (Current World Population 2015). Population growth is caused by different factors. One of the first and most significant factors is decrease of death rates, which is accompanied with increase of birth rates (Overpopulation n.d.). According to (Current World Population 2015) todays ratio of deaths and births is approximately 1:2.4. Ability of people to take care of themselves and provide themselves and their children with food and nutrients led to constant increase of population. Improved medical treatment and facilities contribute to decrease of death rates and thus to increase of the world population. Medical research and improvements made new medicine and treatment available to population, decreased the number of epidemics due to created vaccines, made some of the fatal in the past diseases easily cured today (Overpopulation n.d.). Another cause of world population growth, which is related to medical research, but should be examined separately from improved medical treatment, is advances in sterility, fertility and

Roman Lnadmarks Essay Example for Free

Roman Lnadmarks Essay The landmarks created during the Roman Empire did not only signify Rome’s culture, but also shown it’s strength and technological advances. The Colosseum and the aqueducts show how technologically and economically advance Rome was. Not only this, the Coloseum and many aqueducts survive to show that Rome’s architecture are not only a feats of engineering but portals to one of histories’ greatest empires. The Roman aqueducts played a vital role in the empire. They supplied fresh water for Rome’s citizens. â€Å"while some eighteen aqueducts brought fresh water to Rome’s major cities. The aqueducts, some of which delivered well over forty million gallons of water per day to a single site, (Fiero, 73)†. The aqueducts not only brought water, they were technological wonders. The city of Nimes in France had a twenty-five mile long aqueduct. The aqueducts were made possible by the use of arches. â€Å"The Romans employed the structural advantages of the arch (the knowledge of which they inherited from the Etruscans) to enclose greater volumes of uninterrupted space than any previously known, ( 73)†. This made long distance aqueducts possible, thus making a constantly watered and clean empire. The Colosseum was one Rome’s greatest architectural achievement in its history. The Colossuem brought entertainment through violence to the populace. What made it an architectural achievement was the fact such a massive building was built and well maintained over centuries of abuse. What made this durability and endurance was the invention of concrete. â€Å"Roman building techniques reveal a combination of practicality and innovation: The Romans were the first to use concrete (an aggregate of sand, lime, brick-and-stone rubble, and water), a medium that made possible cheap large scale construction, (74)†. Concretes combination of durability and economics made building a structure of that size (holding up to 50,000 spectators) possible. Not only was it the structure’s size that made it an architectural achievement was that it was well decorated and designed. â€Å"The ingenious combination of arch and post-and-lintel structural elements in the design of the Colosseum would be widely imitated for centuries, and especially in the Italian Renaissance, (75)†. The Colosseum itself was decorated with bronze, plaster, marble, and tile, making the Colloseum not only a well-built structure but an aesthetically presentable one. Thus making the Colloseum an architectural icon and crowning landmark in Rome for many years to come. The landmarks in Rome not only show the power and glory of Rome, but pave the way into the future of architecture. Concrete and arches set forth the building block of massive structures that could last for thousands of years. The Colloseum and the aqueducts are not only marvels of engineering, but icons that signify that Rome was once a great empire. Works cited Fiero, Gloria K. Landmarks in Humanities 3rd Ed, Boston; McGraw Hill, 2012. Print

What Influences Teenagers To Smoke?

What Influences Teenagers To Smoke? Why and what influences teenagers to start smoking? This is the topic that no one has the accurate answer. It has been recorded that teenagers smoking is on the rise lately and the exact reason for it, is still unknown. It cannot be denied that everyone dislikes smokers and even the smell of cigarettes can be an unpleasant feeling, but no-one tries to understand why teenagers start smoking in the first place. In this research, it be seen how we tried to find what influences the teenagers to start smoking despite all the warnings, awareness and most importantly the knowledge of knowing that cigarettes smoking are injury to health. Among adults who smoke, 68 percent began smoking regularly at age 18 or younger, and 85 percent started when they were 21 or younger (American Lung Association, 2012). Despite all the millions spent to avoid people to smoke, still the smokers seemed to give very little concern about this matter. As a matter of fact, it cannot be denied that cigarette smoking has been a norm in this 21st century. You can eat five portions of fruit or vegetables a day and exercise regularly but healthy behavior means little if you continue to smoke. (Netdoctor, 2012) Mostly everyone knows that smoking can cause cancer and other sort of illnesses and the most dangerously is lung cancer but despite the warnings, smokers are still addicted to it. For them, they think by smoking cigarettes, it can provide relief and a sort of consolation. As known to all even to the smokers itself, smoking cigarettes bring more harm and cause serious health issues not only to the person smoking but also to those exposed to it. Still, why do people even pick up such a habit even though they are aware of all the health risks related to smoking? So in order to avoid the increase of smokers, I agree that cigarette smoking should be banned just as drug consumption. So the main reason this research has been done is to reveals what influences teenagers to start smoking. What influences teenagers to smoke is proved by the researcher as they have planned to use journals and articles in chapter two. In the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, it is found that boys and girls alike think smoking may be an effective tool for weight control. Where else, in a study published in Journal of Consumer Research by researcher Cornelia Pechmann, (2011) concluded that adolescent are influenced and affected by the type of tobacco advertising and media they are exposed to. Using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, the researchers have stated the analysis of methodology using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) method. Moreover, in chapter five of this research, the researcher is able to summarize the whole research work and make recommendation to the areas with problems that are identified in the research. Tobacco substance is one of the hazardous substances that is created thousand of years ago. It destroys the smokers health. Once you start smoking, you cannot quit. Cigarettes is something like drugs and very addictive to smokers. As we all know and are aware of, smoking is something hazardous to everyones health. Young people smoke for many reasons. They are not aware of what they would be facing and how it will affect their future. Other than that, when a person smokes, not only that particular person will be affected with the consequences but also the ones surrounding that person who inhale the cigarette smoke. These people are in a higher risk to be diagnosed with the consequences such as lung cancer than the person that smokes those passive smokers have the most dangerous effect. That is the main reason why when the word smoking is mentioned it reminds everyone of cancer. Programs and events that are being handled in order to bring awareness to the public about the effects of sm oking are also not helping. Therefore, this research is primarily done to know what are the actual reasons teenagers nowadays are influenced in the habit of smoking. Chapter 2: Literature Review Our thesis aims to find out what influences teenagers to start smoking. For our purposes we conducted a literature search using journals, books and articles. Our review highlights on the major reason of teenagers smoking. The reasons why teenagers now days are influenced in smoking are difficult to be categorized. In the body of literature examined, it was said that the rise in the rates of teenagers smoking was due to the fact that many teenagers were influenced by friends, advertisements, undergoing peer pressure, influenced by parents or weight control. According to the Youth Smoking Survey(2012), it is concluded that 22% of youth between grades 6 to 9 and 48% of youth between the grades 10 to 12 are reported have tried a tobacco product for at least once. 3% of this youth that has tried the product is reported to be current smokers. Several other studies says that the reasons that causes teenagers to start smoking is low self-esteem and the influence of advertisements that gives them an impression that smoking is sociable and help them get in the in crowd. Research has illustrated that coping with stress is a reason to smoking. Just like adults, teenagers use smoking to relieve stress, where the nicotine in the cigarette quickly activates the pleasure side of the brain which creates positive feelings and sensation. The extensive review by Dr. Sheila Bonas, (2012) a lecturer in health psychology, Coventry states that most smokers first start experimenting with cigarette in their teens. It is said that in UK the percentage of teenagers smoking is increasing as they get older. The reason behind the causes of children start smoking includes parents influence. Children whose parents smoke are in a higher risk of starting when compared to those children whose parents are non-smokers. Moreover, according to the study by the World Health Organization, (2012) it is found that the teenagers who were mostly smokers were lonely, had difficulty talking to parents, and had problems at school and so on. Another interesting point that Dr. Sheila Bonas , (2012) has stated was social learning. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. Normally we are easily influenced by our parents and other people that we look up to, which lead us to copy their behavior and try smoking. According to the writer, Todd Flemming, (2012) smoking is getting more familiar in our society that you will have your friends or family members who smoke. In our society, smoking is getting very addictive for everyone that it is unobjectionable and a new trend for this generation. It is stated that this smoking habits usually comes from the ones early or mid-teenage years. The most common reasons are peer pressure. Those who to start smoking; they are most likely get a lot of pressure from their friends or classmates. Teenagers do have a lot of doubts against smoking. They think that they can only become friends with their peers if they start smoking. Children with low self-confidence in themselves, they tend to start smoking just to hang out with the most popular kid. Furthermore, the environment does take place in which the teenagers grow up. They start following their parents, siblings, or relatives who smoke. Toddy Flemming (2012) wrote saying that some children will start picki ng up the habit its either consciously or unconsciously. Some children have the feelings to become matured, just to be with those who are adults. We do agree with Toddy Flemmings points about the smoking habits. His points really helped our research by pointing out the right causes of smoking habits among teenagers. As said by Todd Flemming, peer pressure is said to be one of the reasons why teenagers are influenced to smoking cigarette. This can be seen in a research done by Neil Smith (2012) who states that most kids respond to peer pressure differently. They are opened to its influences in their early teens. This is where they care more about what are their friends opinion than anything else and will try their very best to stay in their friends good graces. As mentioned by Dr. Sheila Bonas (2012) earlier, unable to cope with stress is also the reason for teenagers to begin smoking. This point has also been elaborated by Neil Smith where he states that teenagers and adults that have poor strategies in solving problem and dealing with stress is in more risk of adopting the smoking habit. The rebellion is also another fascinating point that has been put forward by Neil Smith. As we all know and are aware of, the kids now days has begin to push the envelope in the terms of rules and boundaries. O ne of their ways of doing this is by smoking cigarettes, especially when the appeal comes in the form of demanding. For example when someone warns them not to do a particular matter that is when they would want to do it. The phenomenon of smoking among teenagers has been rising extremely high. This research paper is targeting at youth with the intention to gather what influences them to start smoking. As known to all, there are many reasons why adolescents picking up the smoking habit and one of the most common reasons are peer pressure. It cannot be denied that being a teenager can be extremely difficult in todays world and one of the biggest difficulties is when they face the problem of peer pressure. To us whether we like it or not, we have to admit that friends play a major role in a teenagers life. According to the author, Lindsey Samilian, (2012) states that teens smoke because their friends do and as we all know, teenagers spend most of their time with friends, so this is the evidence on how they get influence by their friends who smokes. Furthermore, another interesting point according to the Child Psychology Research Blog, teenagers with higher exposure to movies and television programs that feature characters smoking are more likely to start themselves. So it can be concluded that the higher the exposure a teenagers to movie star smoking, the higher the possibility that the teenagers will start smoking. These resources have helped us a lot in our research paper. It has given us an extra input regarding of our problem statement. In a nutshell, we do agree with the authors point of views which eventually helped us gain more knowledge on cigarette smoking. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Research is a general term among which basically covers all kinds of studies that used in academic activity which includes investigation of a particular topic using a variety of reliable resources. The main purpose of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet. The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, 1952 claims that the meaning of research as a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. In short it can be explained that research defines as the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem. It can also define in three major ways which is by establishing facts, analysing information, and new conclusions. In a clear perception, research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods or techniques but also the methodology. Besides that, researchers also need to understand the assumptions underlying various techniques and the criteria by which they can decide that certain techniques and procedures which will be applicable to certain problems. In a simplest way, it is necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for his problems as the same may differ from problem to problem. Furthermore, research methodology is a set of procedures or methods which used to conduct research. There are two broad approaches of research methodology which is qualitative methods and quantitative methods. Both these methodologies have different functions. As for quantitative research, it is about investigating thing which could be observed and measure in some way. Such observations and measurements can be made objectively and repeated by other researchers. Whereas qualitative research, on the other hand, is an attempt to increase the understanding of why things are the way they are in our social world and why people act the way they do (Marshall Rossman, 1999). In a nutshell, qualitative methods aim to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. A quantitative methodology test theory concludes from the existing knowledge, through forming hypothesized relationships and suggested outcomes for the study; qualitative researchers are guided by particular ideas, perspectives or hunches regarding the topic to be investigated. The quantitative methods used produced reasonable scientific answers, and as a result of this data, action was developed and changes took place. Quantitative research demands a random selection of sample from the study population and a random assignment of the sample to the various study groups. There are three key factors of quantitative research. The first key factor is control which is the important element because it enables the scientist to identify the causes of his or her observations. The second key factor is operational definition where the terms should be defined by the procedure used in order to avoid any confusion in meaning and communication during the investigation. The final key factor is replic ation where the data obtained from the experiment carried out should be reliable. The weakness of the quantitative approach is that random selection is time-consuming, with the result that many studies use more easily obtained sample. This inhibits the possibilities of generalization, especially if the sample is too small. In quantitative research, the researchers maintain a fixed objective view to understand the facts. The use of some procedure may bring no direct contact with the topics at all as in postal questionnaire surveys (Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Christina Hughes, 2012). On the other hand, a qualitative research is mainly to describe a particular aspect of the phenomenon, using a view to explain the subject of the study. According to Benoliel, 2012 he described qualitative research as modes of systematic enquiry concerned with understanding human beings and the nature of their transactions with themselves and with their understandings. Methods such as grounded theory and ethnography research can be described as a qualitative approach. In order to adding quality to the data obtained, it helps in subjects to increase issues and topics that researchers would not have included in a structured designed research. When qualitative methods lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity. They provide a more depth and rich description. One weakness of a qualitative methodology is the fact that the process is under-standardized and depends on the insights and the abilities of the observer, thus making the judgment of the theory difficult. Study has examined that this issues can be demonstrated that reliability could be assessed by using independent experts to examine different aspects of the methods of developing grounded theory. However, one must question the feasibility of using such a costly process in terms of time and money in order to check the theory of qualitative study (Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Christina Hughes, 2012). In order to help us get more information about our research, we have chosen to use questionnaires as it seems to be a logical and easy option to collect information from people and to find out what are their opinion on teenagers now days smoking. The respondent can decide to use closed or open questions, and is also offered multiple choice questions from which to choose the statement which nearly describes their answer or opinion to a statement. Other techniques such as, case study and interviews was not chosen to be used as our source from the respondent because it takes a longer period and it enables face to face discussion with the respondent which requires a suitable person to be interviewed. The methods or techniques employed to analyze the data collected is through the internet and pubic survey. We did a small survey where we can ask a few people regarding of what they think about smoking and also what they think that influences teenagers to smoke cigarettes now days. A positive outcome from the survey has been done since our respondents were mostly elderly people and young adult. Chapter 4: Analysis of Methodology This study is based on the problem statement that we choose for our research which is What influences teenagers to start smoking? This study took place at Segi College Kuala Lumpur between October 11 and October 12. The questionnaire was given to the Segi students range of the age between 18 to 24 years old. For the results based on the questionnaires, a total number of twenty respondents were chosen for this research. Out of 20 respondents, 60% found under male category and the rest 40% under the female category. A total 95% agreed that the main influence of teenagers to smoke cigarettes are friends and the rest 5% of the respondents answered that parents are the main influence. Based on the questionnaire that was given out, we have researched that 60% of the respondents are smoking and 40% of the students do not smoke. Moreover, 75 % disagreed that they have intend to stop smoking in the next six months whereas 25% agreed that they will stop smoking for the next six months. 25% strongly agreed that their husband, wife or partner will be supportive or helpful to try stopping them from smoking. 50% agreed that their husband, wife or partner will be supportive or helpful to try stopping them from smoking and the rest 25% did not agree any of the people that they think will be supportive or helpful. 66.67% strongly agreed that their family members will be very supportive stopping them from smoking whereas 25% agreed that only their family members will help them to stop smoking and the rest 8.33% did not agree about the statement that was given.16.67 % totally agreed that their friends will be supportive or helpful to try stopping them from smoking.33.33% agreed that their friends will help them to try stopping them from smoking and 50% did not agree that their friends will give motivation or even being supportive to help them stop smoking. Other than that, 8.33 % strongly agreed that their working colleagues will help stopping them from smoking. 50% agreed that their working colleagues will help be supportive to stop them from smoking and the rest 41.67% did not agree about their working colleagues. Furthermore, 25% of the respondents answered that it is difficult for them to stop smoking because they enjoy it.16.67% answered that they are too addicted to smoking until it is difficult for them to stop smoking.25% of the respondents had answered that they do not have enough of will power to stop smoking and the rest of 33.33% cant resist the craving for cigarette. 25% respondents answered that their family will be the prime reason if they have the in tend to stop smoking. While 8.33% respondents answered that their partner is the prime reason if they have the courage to stop smoking whereas 66.67% respondents answered that their health is the prime reason. 58.33 % of the respondents prefer to smoke because influenced by their friends. 16.67% of the teenagers answered that they want to look macho if they smoke and 25% choose to smoke because of their curiosity. 16.67 % of the respondents answered that the reason why they are addicted to smoking is because of their peer pressure.33 .33% choose depression as their answer based on the question on why are they addicted to smoking. The other 50% answered that they are stress and thats why they are addicted to smoking. 100% agreed that society do play an important role in teenagers smoking habit. Other than that, 25% of the respondents answered that they began to smoke regularly age range between 11-15 years old. 58.33% of the respondents answered age range between 16-18 years old was the age they began to smoke cigarettes and while the others 16.67 % start smoking age range 19 and above. As the research of the questionnaire was going on, we found out that 50% agreed that smoking really aids weight loss and the other 50% disagreed with the statement. 40% agreed that they will consider taking up smoking to lose weight and 60% disagreed that they do not consider taking up smoking to lose weight.20% of the respondents agreed that it will affect the relationship or interaction with them if their friends smoke and the rest 80% of the respondents disagreed. Moreover, 30% agreed that cigarettes should be made illegal and 70% strongly disagreed that cigarettes should be made illegal. 40% of the respondents which are the non-smoker agreed that they will consider smoking and 60% of the respondents which are the non-smoker disagreed that they will ever consider smoking.45% agreed that they will feel bothered when people smoke cigarettes around them and the other 55% disagreed with the statement. 85% of the respondents which are non-smoker agreed that they will consider giving ad vice or motivate their friends or family members to stop smoking whereas 15% disagreed that they will consider or give support to their friends or family members to stop smoking. Last but not least, 5% of the respondents feel comfortable when their opposite sex smokes. 80% of the respondents answered uncomfortable and 15% answered I dont mind if their opposite sex smokes. Mean 16.8 Median 20 Chapter 5: Conclusion Recommendation As a conclusion, we would like to say that many people have different prospects on smoking. Being aware of the dangers of smoking and how it can harm a persons health, we still wonder why some people actually even pick up this bad habit. Many still dont realize that they are not only harming themselves but also others by smoking. The government has done its duty by giving a helping hand in reducing the amount of smokers in the country by increasing the price of the cigarettes. There are many answers to why teenagers nowadays are influenced to the smoking habit. According to our research, we have concluded that the main influence is friends. It may be in any form. That is by trying to be in the in group or being forced by their friends to try to smoke and later on being addicted to it or even because of low self-esteem. Eventually one day, our country will be a smoke free where the population of smokers will decrease dramatically. Based on our research, we would like to give some recommendations that we think can help in reducing the amount of smokers in our country. First of all, mass media as we all know is a large influence on teenagers nowadays. The teenagers tend to follow or adopt whatever that is being advertised or shown in the media. Not only advertisements on smoking will affect the teenagers but celebrities also play a big role. Teenagers tend to adopt the characteristics of their favourite celebrity through the media. If a celebrity smokes, so as the fans of the celebrity. Moreover, the media may also lend a helping hand by organizing various anti-smoking campaigns is that associated with the negatives of smoking and how it may affect a persons health and also the people surrounding him. Next is home. Home is the main place where children get their knowledge from. Whatever, they see and hear is doing great effects to the development of their personalities and also their attitudes. The bad habit of smoking depends on how the parents bring up their children. By showing the children good examples, by not smoking or smoking in front of them, may help them to not pick up the habit. Giving them knowledge in order for them to be aware of what are the negatives of smoking and how it can causes cancers at an early age will help them get a clearer picture on smoking. Lack of parents guidance and supervision may cause the children to feel lonely and stressed up. This may lead them to picking up the habit. Finally would be the schools. The school is the place where children and teenagers spend most of their time. It is the place where they develop their personality and characteristics. The schools should set rules and policies that will help to guide the students to have a proper behaviour and form into a good young adult that is able to lead his life in a proper way. By having the Moral subject in school will also help the students realize what is good and what is bad for them. They are able to get a good picture on it and try their best to not fall into the wrong habits.

Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals for VAN

Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals for VAN Synthesis and properties of liquid crystals for vertically aligned nematic (VAN) displays Introduction Liquid crystals where first observed in 1853 and 1855 by Rudolph Virchow and C. Mettenheimer respectively, both observed a flowing fluid like compound which was birefringent (brightly coloured) between cross-polarisers much like a crystalline solid, hence the compound was both liquid and crystal thus liquid crystal. [3, 4]. It was not until the late 1980’s that Liquid crystals and their truly fascinating fundamental properties began their tremendous success in commercial applications.1–5 Subsequently giving rise to the vertically aligned nematic (VAN) mode in the early 1990’s. The liquid crystalline phase can be best described as a hybrid of the two most common phases of matter, Liquids and Crystals. LC compounds diffuse about much like the molecules of a liquid giving them a fluid nature, combined with this they manage to maintain a small magnitude of orientational order and sometimes some positional order in a similar manner as a crystalline solid would. Hence, liquid crystals are anisotropic fluids. Properties of Liquid crystals and the nematic mesophase The nematic phase of calamitic (rod like) liquid crystals is the simplest liquid crystal phase. In this phase the molecules maintain a preferred orientatioanl direction as they diffuse throughout the sample. There is no positional order in the phase as depicted by figure 1.1. Synthesis of Liquid Crystals General Synthesis Generally, the most common liquid crystals are based on aromatic sub units due to their ease of synthesis and obtainability. The vast majority of LC building blocks are commercially accessible or fairly simple to synthesize via electrophilic substitutions such as Friedel-Crafts acylation, bromonation and nitration. For those functional groups that cannot be directly substituted interconverions usually take place with bromine often being the chosen leaving group (e.g., CO2H, NH2, CN and OH). Due to the individual nature of substituents their specific directing effect and a specific effect on the rate of reaction must be taken into consideration. By taking this into account reactions must be carried out in the appropriate order to arrive at the desired product. Figure 1 Electrohpilic Substiutions of Benzene A key advancement in synthesis arrived with the recognition that a wide range of intermediates could be efficiently prepared from alkyl-bromo-benzenes due to the ease of conversion of the bromo substituent into a previously inaccessible groups. From a range of synthetic methods described in scheme 1 a valuable number of carboxcylic acids and phenols can be prepared. This follows on to the synthesis of multi-aryl LC materials where esterification (see Scheme 2) is employed to couple multiple aryl units. Esterification commonly occurs in two processes firstly, the traditional method (Method A) of converting the carboxcylic acid into the acid chloride derivative with either thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. The acid chloride is then reacted with the phenol in the presence of a base to remove the hydrogen chloride as it is formed. The second and more recent method (Method B) involves an in-situ reaction which uses N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to activate the acid towards nucleop hilic attack from the phenol and a proton transfer catalyst ( 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine ) (DMAP). Scheme 2 Esterification coupling reaction LC materials with multiaryl cores (e.g., biphenyls and terphenyls) are somewhat more difficult to produce due to the direct bond between aryl sections. However, the development of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions has created a means in which to form the direct carbon-carbon bonds needed. There are a vast number of methods to facilitate the generation of these carbon-carbon bonds but by far the most prolific involves the use of aryl bromides (4) and arylboronic acids (5). Figure 3 Palladium catalysed cross-coupling Alternative to the use aryl bromides are the aryl iodides, there increased stability as a leaving group provide a reaction pathway with an increased rate of reaction. Chloro and triflate are also other viable leaving groups, where the triflate group is essential in the synthesis of alkenyl-substituted LCs. Perhaps the most important palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction is the selective coupling that can occur by using a bromo-fluoro-iodo-substituted system (see Scheme 4) Figure 4 Dicouplong reactions of Benzene derivatives As the iodo group is a better leaving group it can be coupled with an arylboronic acid, following purification a second coupling reaction can occur on the bromo site giving rise to the synthesis of LC materials with more than two aromatic core units. In order to control the mesomorphic and physical properties of LC lateral substitutions are often employed, the fluoro substituent is the most commonly used lateral unit, as it is electron withdrawing in nature it renders adjacent H atoms acidic and thus making them vulnerable to strong basic conditions. By taking advantage of this vulnerability the desired functional groups for example the boronic acids needed for cross-coupling reactions are far more easily obtained. The only consistent approach for introducing a fluoro substituent into an aromatic system is via the diazotisation and successive fluoronation of the chosen aromatic amine, which in turn generated from the reduction of the nitroarene generated from the nitration of the bas ic aryl unit. Nonetheless, a broad variety of simple fluoro-substituted materials can be easily acquired commercially and thus synthesis often begins with fluro substituents already present (see Scheme 5). Unfortunately this gives rise to complications when trying to introduce terminal alkyl chains to the fluorinated compounds. Accordingly, a different approach is required and thus bromo-fluoro-iodo-benzene units are needed for successful synthesis of fluoro-substituted LC materials. Scheme 4 shows some reactions of these units to synthesis some adavance LC materials. The finishing touches Liquid crystals for VAN mode displays must have one vital property in order to be considered for this application, negative dielectric anisotropy. Negative dielectric anisotropy can be introduced by creating a strong lateral dipole within the LC material this is done by introducing lateral groups with high electronegativity such as fluorine as explained previously in this section, lateral chloro substitutents have also been considered in order to create negative dielectric anisotropy as they create a greater dipole than fluorine. However, the greater size of the chloro substituent renders it of little use as this subsequently gives the material low liquid crystal phase stability and high viscosity making it useless in VAN mode displays. Figure 5 Subsitution reactions of difluroaryl compounds Vertically aligned nematic (VAN) liquid crystal displays About the VAN displays The vertically aligned nematic (VAN) mode first came into development in the early 1990’s, first generation LC materials were based on rod like molecular structures and managed to achieve fast switching times of around 25ms. Unfortunately, the early attempts to introduce displays of this kind failed. This was for two major reasons, a switching time of What makes up a VAN display? VAN devices are made up of two parallel glass plates separated by a small gap of 3-10Â µm containing the nematic liquid crystal phase, on the top piece of glass sit a thin film of material which polarises a light that passes through it. On the inside of the top piece of glass there is a indium oxide (ITO) layer which acts as a conductor, this layer is linked to a surfactant. The inner layer of the bottom piece of glass is also coated with the ITO layer and the surfactant. The surfactant enables the liquid crystal to be connected with the conductor thus enabling the flow of a current. The display can be designed to be either passive or active. When passive the display does not generate any light itself it instead uses ambient light from surroundings which is reflected by a mirror like surface below the bottom piece of glass. When designed to be active the display is built with a light source behind the display which passes directly through the display rather than being reflected Working principle of VAN displays The average molecular orientation (director orientation) without the electric field is perpendicular to the substrate of the display. With this homeotropic orientation and crossed polarizers, the VA mode is working in the so called normally black mode. For the incident light the liquid crystal in the off state behaves like an isotropic medium (the light sees only the ordinary refractive index). As a consequence very good black states can be achieved independent of the wavelength of the light and the operating temperature. Pixel and electrode design of VA displays allow for a high aperture ratio resulting in a high brightness of the display. These two points are the main reason for the good contrast of VA LCDs.. Since the directors are oriented homeotropically in the off state, they can be tilted randomly in any direction by the electric field. This leads to disclination lines between domains of equal orientation, thus deteriorating the optical performance. Figure 6 VA Mode working display As VAN displays use LC materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, application of a voltage to the ITO films cause the director to tilt away from the normal to the glass surfaces as show in figure 2. This introduces a birefringence because the index of refraction for light polarised parallel to the director is different from the index of refraction for light polarised perpendicular to the director. Some of the resultant elliptically polarised light (all of it if the retardation is 180) passes through the crossed polariser and the display appears bright. In fact, since the retardation depends on the magnitude of the voltage applied to the display, this type of display can be used to produce a range of intensities of light. This is called a grey scale. For VA you have perfect black in the off-state and if apply a voltage the VA materials moves into the parallel position and this is bright. Therefore, you get a better contrast ration in VA displays. The second advantage is the switch ing process. It’s intrinsically faster to move the molecules this way.

What makes a good video game? :: essays research papers

It's getting late. Around 11:30PM. I know I should be getting to bed soon; I have to get up at 8:00AM to get ready for class. But, I figure I'll just pop FIFA 2004 into my PC and play for a little bit. Just to get past the next section. I'll save at the next save point, turn it off, and go to sleep. Video games are one of my favorite pastimes. I enjoy playing any kind of video game as long as it’s fun and has an interesting concept. Over the years video games technology has improved immensely. Since the early days of Pac-Mac, video games have become more realistic and interactive. The first thing that captures my attention about a game is its graphics. I love a game that looks nice. A story that pulls you into another world is also very important. Is important to have that connection with the character you're moving around your screen. How you move that character, game play, is also extremely important. So what makes a good video game? For many people video games are a matter of tastes. While some people prefer adventure games such as Super Mario and Zelda I like realistic games such as Grand Theft Auto and FIFA soccer. A great game doesn’t need to have the most incredible graphics or the best sound. All a game needs to keep you playing is a good concept. One thing that draws me into a game is the storyline. The story must keep you on your toes, waiting for what will happen next. The story must keep you interested and make you want to play. If the story doesn’t capture you, then there’s no real motive to play. An interesting story is what gets you coming back for more. There has to be a purpose to the game, whether it’s a money reward, new weapons or unveiling a new level. The story is what has the most effect on a viewer; an original plot with a few twists and some dramatic moments usually does it for me. The first thing that always catches my attention in a game is the graphics. Whether a person searches for good looks in a game or not, if the game does look good, it will be remembered. While graphics, and to a lesser extent sound, are advertised excessively by the media and game publishers, no game can be based purely on spectacular graphics.

Interview with an Elderly Woman Essay -- Interview An Elderly Person

In the early 1940’s Marie was born into a small tight knit family living in a small rural Kentucky town. Marie is now in her seventies and has led a very interesting life traveling the country, raising four children, and shaping her chosen profession. Our interview sessions were conducted over a period of time, as Marie is very active and has little â€Å"free time† to spare. Early Life Her parents meet at a social gathering in town and where married shortly thereafter. Marie’s name was chosen by her grandmother and mother, â€Å"because they loved to read the list was quite long with much debate over each name.† If she was a boy her name would have been Francis, so she is very happy to have born a girl. Marie’s great uncle was a physician and delivered her in the local hospital. Her mother, was a housewife, as was the norm in those days and her father ran his own business. Her mother was very close with her parents, two brothers, and two sisters. When her grandmother was diagnosed with asthma the family had to move. In those days a warm and dry climate was recommended, Arizona was the chosen state. Because her grandma could never quite leave home, KY, the family made many trips between the states. These trips back and forth dominated Marie’s childhood with her uncles and aunts being her childhood playmates. Marie’s grandparent’s had an old farm house, which was one of many homes in which she lived, that she remembers most. The house was huge, she learned to walk, climb stairs, and find hiding places in it. The house had a wide wrap around porch with several wide sets of stairs both in front and in back. She remembers sitting on the steps and playing with one of the cats, with which there was a lot of cats living on the farm... ...anizing the boxes of memorabilia into albums for her children, if time permits. The only thing she’ll commit to is that everyone in her family will have a croquet blanket made by her just for them. When looking back over her life, so far, she says not a bad life. Then again she’s not done yet and hopes to have another good ten years. I leave you with her life’s message. â€Å"Follow your heart. Life is not a straight line there are lots of curves, circles, and detours. Each and every experience will give you something valuable. Keep close to those you love and who love you. Family is so important. Always do your best, be honest with yourself and others, have integrity, be dependable, like who you are, change what you don't like, keep learning, keep trying, you are better than you think.† (Rodrà ­guez) Bibliography Rodrà ­guez, Marie. Personal Interview.

The Dragon Creature as Fairy Tail Creature

Dragons, for example, are usually giant fearless creatures that destroy anything and everything in their way. They capture maidens, kill knights and possess extraordinary confidence, but the dragon in this poem shows none of those characteristics. The majority of his section is filled with complaints about his portrayal in the painting. like the angle he was painted at, and he is upset that two of his feet weren't in the painting. He also has no interest in the maiden that he has captured, he actually finds her quite ugly. All he is worrying about is what people are going to think of him, when usually a dragon wouldn’t care, all they want to do is kill, and capture, but this dragon shows little confidence or interest in those tasks.Traditionally maidens are supposed to be pure at heart and pure at mind, but this maiden is in no way like that. She is very much attracted to the dragon who has captured her and she has no interest in being rescued, by the possibly ugly knight. Her lust towards that dragon is very strong, and her supposed â€Å"pure† mind is actually quite dirty. Unfortunately, her little crush must end because the dragon was defeated, which meant she might as well run off with the Knight who â€Å"saved† her, because she needs to think about her future.The knight in this story cares little about the maiden he is saving and more about his credibility as a Knight. He has all the latest horse, and weapons, and he is the most qualified to slay the dragon. He wants to finish the job that was assigned to him and he doesn't understand why this maiden won't just get out of his way so he can rescue her and add another achievement to his already stacked resume. He portrays a more modern mind then the customary knight, and work is most important to him. Each speaker from each section is showing a different side, then readers would usually see or expect, and the sides they are showing are pretty unpleasant which is why the poem is called à ¢â‚¬Å"Not My Best Side†. There is also humor added to the usually serious love story.the dragon, unlike it's mythological counterpart has quite a sophisticated vocabulary, use of adjectives like ‘ostentatiously beardless' and the idiom ‘old chap' suggests an intelligent, well spoken, stereotypical British,  Upper Class gentleman, the antithesis of a ferocious monster. The line ‘Not my best side, I'm afraid.', reveals the dragon's self conciousness and obsession with appearance, a reocurring theme.The nouns ‘artist' and ‘pose' indicate the poem is about a character in a painting and the dragon is highly critical of both the painter, ‘Poor chap, he had this obsession with Triangles, so he left off two of my Feet.' and the other characters, ‘Why should my victim be so Unattractive as to be inedible,'. It is the comical and conversational tone that makes the dragon so likeable and lots of rhetorical questions draw the reader in, particul arly ‘(What, after all, are two feet To a monster?)' which, enclosed in brackets gives the impression the dragon is addressing the reader directly.Continuing the pattern of reversing the stereotypes, the girl is presented as a slightly feminist, with a mind of her own, ‘It's hard for a girl to be sure if She wants to be rescued.', not the†¦.

A Modern Twist

It was almost five in the afternoon, and he was fixing his hair inside his bathroom. He was facing a circular mirror that was Just above the sink and he looked at his reflection, trying to see whether his face was okay. He had messy, Jet black hair, fair skin, and brown eyes. When he was finished with his hair, that would never stay fixed, he went straight downstairs. In the kitchen were his mom and dad. For some very unusual reason, he never looked like any of his parents, plus they were pale.At times he would think of himself as Asian, but that wasn't possible. His whole life he lived in New York and there was no way that they were related to any Asians. As he walked into the kitchen door, his dad gave him a look that made him stop. â€Å"And where do you think you're going? Rex, we have somewhere to go to tomorrow, early morning, and I don't want you to end up coming home four in the morning again. † his dad said. Rex smiled and said, â€Å"Oh come on dad. That was Just on e night, and everyone was having fun.Besides, I won't take long ‘cuz me and my friends will be going to this carnival or fair, whatever you call it. † Then his mom gave his dad a look of approval nd he had no choice but to agree. â€Å"Okay fine. Just don't come home late, you know how you make your mom and I worry. † his dad said sternly. Rex felt a Jolt of relief and he hugged and kissed them both. Rex met up with his friends at the entrance to the fair. They got inside and tried out all the different booths. Rex and his friends all came from rich families, so spending money here wouldn't be a problem.Everything at the fair was so colourful. Filled with cool lights and amazing music, the place was a blast. Then, Rex and his friends came across one booth that looked old, dark and abandoned. Curiosity got he best of Rex and his friends and they went inside the booth, expecting to see old and dusty things. Instead, they saw a round table covered in purple cloth, an d on top of it was a crystal ball. His friends started circling the table, examining it and the crystal ball, and Rex decided to follow. All of a sudden, an old woman appeared out of nowhere giving everyone a shock.Unlike her looks, the old ladys voice was elegant, graceful. â€Å"What can I do for you handsome young men? Perhaps a look into your future, a chance to discover what sort of fate awaits you? † the old lady said. Everyone was looking and listening to the ld lady intently. The room was so tense that Rex could hear his heart beating rapidly in his chest. â€Å"No need to pay. Anyone who is interested, please come forward and I will read your future. † the old lady said. Then, one of Rex's friends said, â€Å"Ah, this cant be real. Guys, this is stupid, let's get out of here. mieah, there are other fun booths to be at. We're wasting our time here. † another one called out to the group. â€Å"Wait. I'd like to try. † Rex came forward. Everyone had their eyes on him now. â€Å"Rex, you know she's probably Just some phony psychic like the ones we see on T. V. † said ne of his friends. mfou sure about this? † â€Å"Of course I'm sure, besides what harm can a little fortune telling do? † said Rex, trying to sound a lot more confident then he actually was. â€Å"Indeed, young man. My phony tricks will only take a second of your precious time. † said the old woman.Carefully, Rex sat on a chair opposite to the old â€Å"Clear your mind and let your thoughts run free, then gaze into the crystal ball and tell me what you see. † At first, it looked like a gray pool was Just endlessly swirling around the ball. But, as Rex leaned in to take a closer look at the ball, images started o form. â€Å"l see a woman, on her left is a lion, above her is an eagle, and on her right is a snake. † As soon as these words escaped Rex's mouth, the images blended together and morphed into one. â€Å"Uh, ma'm, I think your orb's messed up. † said Rex. I'm not an expert in Greek myth but I'm pretty sure I'm looking at a Sphinx. † With her eyebrows raised, the old lady peered inside the ball for a few minutes. Then, the old woman sat up straight, she looked into Rex's eyes and said, â€Å"My dear boy, I'm afraid you are bound to suffer a very tragic fate. † Rex felt an assortment of emotions well up inside him. He was sure none of what he had heard was true, still an unmistakable feeling of dread started to creep up his body.The old lady went on, miou will fall in love with your mother. † The room exploded with laughter. iou were right Martha, this is stupid. This can't be true. † Rex said to his friend. The old woman interrupted their fits of laughter and said, â€Å"Oh, but that is not all my dear boy, you will also be the reason for your father's death. † â€Å"Alright, that's where I draw the line. † replied Rex. â€Å"Enough of your bogus bu ll†¦ guys let's get out of this old shack! † miou can choose to be blind to the truth. My Job is simply to give you a glimpse of your future. Now that I have, you may leave. † the old lady exclaimed. â€Å"Tips are greatly appreciated by the way. added the old woman. â€Å"No thanks. † answered Rex, as he and his friends exited the booth. â€Å"Hey Rex, don't tell me you believe a single thing that old hag told you? † his friend asked him. â€Å"Nah! Why should l? That was bogus. † Rex said. Then one of their friends suggested that they would go to a party Just near the place where the carnival was. It was already seven in the evening. Rex was so hyped up from all the fun they were having, that he forgot hat his dad had told him earlier that day. They went to the party, had loads of more fun and enjoyed the night.At the apartment, Rex's dad was worried. It was already eleven in the evening and Rex hadn't answered his phone. Suddenly, his dad fe lt a discomfort in his chest. He knew that it had something to do with his heart because he could no longer breathe properly. As Rex's dad was struggling to breathe, he uttered â€Å"Rex, where are you? † Later that evening, Rex picked up his phone. It was his mom. She said his dad suffered a massive heart attack and that he was in the hospital now. â€Å"Rex, youVe got to come here quickly! Please! said Rex's mom in a desperate tone.As soon as he heard these words, Rex sprinted out of the house and into the street. He hailed a cab and said â€Å"Mom, I'm so sorry! I'm on my way there, Just hold on. † Rex's mom started to break down and cry. â€Å"Mom? Mom! Don't worry dad'll be alright! He'll be alright.. † said Rex, trying to reassure his mom. Inside, Rex felt like a frightened little boy. He felt chills run up and down his spine. Rex remembered what the old lady from the fair had told him, mfou will be the cause of your father's death. † Rex thought to himself, could the old lady be telling the truth? He didn't want to know.

Consequences of Technology

Matt Unick Prof. Rhone 11/15/12 ENG 101 Consequences of technology The most significant event in history has been argued by many scholars through the years. The industrial revolution, the renaissance, or even the Neolithic revolution all have been the top choices. One event that doesn’t get as much attention is the event that is happening in the world today. The world is going through a technology surge unlike ever before. It is an increasing advancement in technology with every passing day; some might look back at it as a modern day renaissance.The increasing advancements of today’s world has the potential benefits of creating a perfect modern society of; no illness, easily accessible transportation, and maximum efficiency. The potential of technology in today’s world were unrealistic thoughts a few decades ago. Though the positives of technology can lead to extraordinary opportunities the reliance on it will be the destruction of humanity. The negative aspects of technological advancements includes the extinction of simple survival instincts, technology is gradually making humans dumber, and creating an unhealthy increase in human beings.Technology is improving our everyday lifestyles and the efficiency of life itself, but relying on technology proves to be negative. The world has limited resources which means limited resources to fill our electricity. Without electricity most of the technology that is relied on will be useless. There will be no more ‘google it’ to provide information at any given moment. Simple activities used to survive hundreds of years ago are long forgotten. The processes of farming, hunting, gathering, finding natural medicine, and domesticating animals are now unknown to the common man.In Julia Davies article she discusses how dangerous it has become to rely on technology. â€Å"A year ago there was an explosion in Shrewsbury that knocked out the hospital's power for several hours. Some of the electri cal equipment did not work. The only people who did not panic were the older healthcare professionals because we were able to use ‘Look, Listen, Feel' and knew what was happening with our patients. † (Davies) She argues that professionals in the medical field don’t know how to take care of patients without the technology that’s given to them.Technology is extremely beneficial but Julia shows that relying on it proves it can be costly. Evidence also shows that technology has also been making us dumber. Search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo have given us the power to grasp a world of information at any given moment. With the information at the tips of our fingers society as a whole should be moving towards a new stage of intellect; however it seems that the human mind is regressing. Nicholas G. Carr, the writer of the article â€Å"Is Google making us stupider? † argues the effects of the internet.Carr states the short term memory is stronger than before, yet the long term memory is slowly getting worse. The capacity to concentrate is being weakened through regular internet usage. â€Å"The faster we surf across the Web—the more links we click and pages we view—the more opportunities Google and other companies gain to collect information about us and to feed us advertisements. † Carr argues that the internet’s goal is to get users to move from link to link because it creates more capital for the company through advertisements. The last thing these companies want is to encourage leisurely reading or slow, concentrated thought. It’s in their economic interest to drive us to distraction. †(Carr) This proves that our attention span is getting worse because of greedy companies wanting people to move from site to site as fast as possible. Using the internet has formed thinking differently and the thinking that’s used in how we use the internet is now being brought into society. C ritical thinking has been forgotten, the internet has changed how the mind works.Information isn’t absorbed, analyzed, or applied it is used only when needed, slowly making the human race dumber. Advancements in the medical field have increased within this technology surge era. The life expectancy for humans has changed a century ago from 50 years of age to around 76 years of age according to â€Å"Life expectancy by age, 1850-2004†. Research in the medical field only continues to grow; for example the field of cloning has the potential to discover the cures to diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and potentially more. Human Cloning) Technology proves to be beneficial for human life expectancy. However, the longer humans live the more populated the world gets, which is negative towards human health. Professor Guillebaud argues in Steve Connors article â€Å"There is no way that a population of nine billion – the UN's medium forecas t for 2050 – can meet its energy needs without unacceptable damage to the planet and a great deal of human misery. †(Connor) Overpopulation is inevitable, it happens to every species.Unlike every species though, the human race has the power to control overpopulation. Increasing advancements in technology will only speed up the rate of overpopulation. In an overpopulated world water and other resources to survive will become scarce. Guillebaud also states â€Å"Unless we reduce the human population humanely through family planning, nature will do it for us through violence, epidemics or starvation. â€Å"(Connor) People will be struggling to survive and they will eventually turn to necessary means to prevail.Technology isn’t going away, but limiting it can define our survival. This means to not misuse the advancements in society that are given. Technology has extraordinary potential to improve efficiency in the world. It has to be taken in consideration what adv ancements in technology would be positive and negative for the world. The way technology has been used and the way it continues to be used will be the reason for the destruction of humanity. Work Cited. Carr, Nicholas. â€Å"Is google making us stupid? The Atlantic July/August 2008: Web. Nov. 12, 2012 Connor, Steve. â€Å"Overpopulation ‘is main threat to planet'† The Independent Jan. 7, 2006: Web. Nov. 24, 2012 David, Julia. â€Å"Over-reliance on technology is bad news for care. † Nursing Standard 25. 3 Sep 22-Sep 28, 2010: Web. Nov. 12, 2012 â€Å"Human Cloning† Kiplinger Washington editors 80. 1 Jan. 3, 2003: Web. Nov. 18, 2012 â€Å"Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2004† Information Please. Pearson Education, Inc. 2007. Web. Nov. 15, 2012

Australia Country Risks Essay

The overall performance of Australia in world economic outlook is generally one of the most stable. Because of the well planned course of running the economy, the Australian government has been maintaining a good level of growth among the Asia Pacific countries. However, it is also important to see some of the risks involved if one wishes to invest in the Australian market. The first aspect in strategic planning is to identify the political risks. Apparently, the political risks in the country can only be identified in terms of effectiveness. The implementation of different laws is at least better in Australia than any of its neighbors. In a general scale, it is one of the most stable political units in the world. Although some corruption incidences have been reported previously, there is still a very good control of the government to combat such problems (McKeever). The legal risks involved in Australia are also very minimal. Since the Australian laws are basically made of Federal Parliament directives, there are very little chances of having a biased law towards a particular party. The laws are ratified by the three system political approval such as the executive, legislative and judicial segments. Basically, Australian Laws are for the common man which reduces the possibility of having extreme unwarranted consequences of biased judgments. Lastly, it is also important to note he regulatory risks in a particular country. In Australia, this risk is also very minimal because of the previous financial deregulation processes ratified in 1983 by making the Australian dollar float in the international foreign market (Wikipedia, 2007). This served as the primary attractive factor for most investors who wish to get a deregulated instrument for investment. References McKeever. N. D. The McKEEVER Institute of Economic Policy Analysis. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from http://www. mkeever. com/australia. html. Wikipedia. 2007. Economy of Australia. Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia.

Write a Recommendation Report

Module Code: PM502-2T Group: Group W Module Title: Skill for Study 2 Assessment Title: Report Assignment Title: Write a recommendation report in which you compare three possible methods for water provision in arid region of your choice. Tutor Name: Eve Smith Student ID Number : 200860469 Date of Submission: Friday 2nd Dec, 2011 Word count: 1668 Contents 1Introduction1 2Background1 3Options2 3. 1Desalination2 3. 2Rain Harvesting System3 3. 3Damming3 4Requirements4 4. 1Cost4 4. 2Sustainability4 4. 3Environmental impact5 4. 4Social impact5 5Compared Options6 5. 1Cost6 5. 2Sustainability6 5. 3Environmental impact7 5. Social impact7 6Conclusions8 7Recommendation8 8Reference9 Introduction In some developing country,arid are able to cause poverty and death, so it is important to provide clean, cheap and sustainable water to those residents living in arid area. However to supply water in arid regions can be a great challenge, it should concern about cost, sustainability, environmental impact and social impact. This report will focus on 3 methods of water prevision: Desalination, Rain Harvesting System and Dam. The report aims to analyses 3 different water prevision methods, and find out which is fit the situation in Middle East.In order to achieve this aim, report will compare those 3 methods in 4 requirements: Cost, Sustainability, Environmental Impact and Social Impact and carry out a recommendation to the region of Middle East. Background Recently the total population of human being has broken through Seven billion. The booming population has led to a serious problem, the higher the population is, and the more water will be demanded. However, the water resource is limited: though 70. 9% of the earth surface is covered by water, only 2. 5% of the earth’s water can be directly utilized by human beings (Cech 2010).Fresh water resource is valuable for every one on this planet, especially for those people who live in arid areas such as Middle East. In those region s, without water provision crops and livestock cannot survive, people have to spend a lot of time on searching and carrying water which can deprive their right to get education and make money (KIC 2011). At the same time, low water quality is a huge threat to people’s health. According to a survey from WHO (2004) if all humans in the world can have clean water supply, 88% of health problem in developing country will be solved.Options 1. 1 Desalination 97% of water on this planate is salt water, if we can take the salt out water, then many place in the world will no longer suffer from lack of water. Fortunately desalination make it possible. Fischetti (2007) points out that desalination is a process using energy and technique to remove salts and other minerals from water. The aim of this process is to transform salt water to fresh water for people drinking and daily use in the regions limited on fresh water but have plenty of salt water.Numbers of desalination station have bee n built in the world, The biggest desalination station in the world is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant located in United Arab Emirates. It can produce 79. 2 billion Gallon fresh water per year (Elshorbagy 2008). These stations supply large amount of fresh water to local residents every day, ease the water stress largely. 1. 2 Rain Harvesting System In some arid areas,rainwater may be the main water source,Boers (1994) point out that, the low rainfall and irregular distribution cause the problem of water stress in some arid areas.Rain Harvesting System basically is to harvesting rain water from rooftop and yard,after purified,than storing the water in an underground cellar for drinking, daily use and watering crops, See: figure 1 (Garwalmail 2001). Boers (1994) also points out that this kind of technique has already been applied on many arid areas to solve water stress. Figure 1 Simple Diagram to show Rainwater Harvesting (Garwalmail 2001) 1. 3 Damming Human beings have used dam as a method of water provision for a long history. The oldest extant dam in the world is the Jawa Dam, located in Jordan (Helms, 1977).Dams can be seen as a barrier to stop water flow for and reserving it. Storing rain or river water in rain season, ensure the water supply for human consumption and irrigation in dry season. Dams make water predictable, and much easier to manage. Damming is not only a water provision method but also an energy sources. Large scale dams can also produce power. Altinbilek(2002) found 19% of electricity in the world wild was generated by dams, helping a lot of countries to get clean and cheap energy. Requirements 1. 4 CostFor wealth regions, cost is not the primary requirement of water provision methods, they pay more attention on sustainability or environmental impacts. however most of arid areas are not especially wealth, cost could be a big problem for them. In some low income Middle East countries, governments are unable to afford those kinds of water p rovision project which cost a lot (World Bank 1993). Poor water supply leads to high death rate and low productivity. People have to pay more time on searching and carrying water, this makes them even poorer. So costs is an important consideration for some ountries. 1. 5 Sustainability Sustainability is also an aspect must be concerned when plan a water supply project. If a region seeks to maintain productivity and daily life,then the continuous water supply is essential. Unstable water supply will lead to low productivity and quality of life. Those old water provision methods such as pumping underground water are not a long-term solution, new technology may provide some solution to this problem. Tove (1997) brought out an idea: new technologies are able to make water supply far more stable and reliable than ever before. . 6 Environmental impact In recent years the environmental impact of water provision methods has aroused many people’s concern. In the past, environment woul d not be a primary consideration for water provision projects. However more and more evidence shows that insufficient attention to environment can bring a lot of problem. Hwang (2004) point out that, excessive use of groundwater is directly related to ground subsidence. Fortunately, today when planning a water project they will try to minimize the environmental impact (Figure 2).A fish ladder has been tested and has applied on many dams to protect native fish (Barrett 2006). Figure 2: A fish ladder built around a dam in the Pacific Northwest 1. 7 Social impact Just like the Environmental impact, water provision project can also have a significant impact on society. For a large-scale project, millions of people have to abandon their house, farmland and all the things they cannot take with them, evacuated to other places, IRO (2008) point out that it is estimated that there are more than 40 million people in the world have to move because of large-scale water project.The government ha s to pay huge amounts of money to resettle those people. Spending too much money on a water provision project may also lead to a higher bill of water which is detrimental for the poor (Goldman 2007). Comparison by Requirements Compared Options 1. 8 Cost On average, to build desalination plant is likely to be the most expansive way to provide fresh water. Karagiannis. (2007) argued about that the cost of building a desalination plant can be astonishing, and it require a lot of energy.Compare with desalination, the cost to build and maintain on dam can be acceptable if the construction scale is not that big. In addition, most of dams are applied on electricity generation and keep fish in reservoir. These methods will bring revenue to reduce the cost of dam. It is no doubt that Rainwater Harvesting System is the most economical way of water supply. Boers (1994) states that, building a rainwater harvesting system for a family is quite cheap. 1. 9 Sustainability In these three methods, t he most stabled way to supply water is desalination.Kumar (2003) argues that if we are able to transfer sea water to freshwater, then water would not be a problem for human beings; we do not have to worry about overuse sea water, as we worrying about groundwater and rivers will dry up one day. Damming is also a relatively stable water supply method. Excluding some extreme weather factors, damming can provide water to surrounding areas stably (Altinbilek 2002). However, if encounter extreme weather, like drought, dams will lost the function of providing water. The most unsustainable water provision method is rainwater harvesting.Boers (1994) states that rely on rainfall to supply fresh water in arid areas have never been a stable way. 1. 10 Environmental Impact Damming has a huge impact on the environment. Old style dams do not have a fish passage, which stops fish swims back to upstream for breeding. World Commission on Dams (2000) point out there is more than 9000 kinds of fresh wa ter fish vanished in recent 100 years in the world. For a desalination plant, the impact to environment is far lower than damming. Great energy consumption may be the only impact a desalination plant do to environment.Younos (2005) describe desalination plant energy consumption as â€Å"drinking energy†. Rainwater harvesting nearly have no impact on environment, so it is an environment-friendly way to provide fresh water. 1. 11 Social impact Desalination and rainwater harvesting almost have no negative impact to social impact. In fact these two methods are beneficiating to society. According to Elshorbagy (2007) and Boers (1994) these two kinds of methods are Ease water shortages in wealth regions and poor regions respectively in Middle East. There is no doubt that damming can have a huge impact on social.The impact of damming bring to the society is multifaceted. Local resident resettlement, loss of arable land and those cultural heritages losses, all of these social problem s are caused by damming (Goldsmith 1992). Conclusions With all the discussion above there, we can easily to find out that each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Desalination plant is a very stable water supply method. However, construction and operating costs is unacceptable for some developing country in Middle East. Damming is a reliable way to provide fresh water, but the impact on environment and society is unaffordable for some Middle East country.Although rainwater harvesting is not that stable, but because of its low cost and Environment-friendly, this method can play a major role in poor regions. So it is impossible to find out one method better than others. According to local conditions, we should choose different way to provide fresh water in Middle East. Recommendation In the Middle East, desalination may be the best way to provide water for wealth countries. However, for those poverty-stricken countries where under extreme weather, rainwater harvesting can be a good way to solve water stress. * ReferenceAltinbilek, D (2002). The Role of Dams in Development, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 18 (1), pp. 9-24 Barrett. J, Cooper, M, M. (2006). The Murray River's ‘Sea to Hume Dam’ fish passage program: Progress to date and lessons learned, Ecological Management ; Restoration 17(3), pp173-183. Boers, M. (1994), Rainwater Harvesting in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones. Waeninaen. The Netherlands. Cech, T. V. (2010). Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy (3rd Ed. ). USA: JOHN WILEY ; SONS, INC. Elshorbagy, W. Elhakeem, A, B. (2007).Risk assessment maps of oil spill for major desalination plants in the United Arab Emirates, Desalination, 228 (1-3), pp. 200-216 Fischetti, M (2007). Fresh from the Sea, Scientific American 297 (3), pp. 118–119. GoldMan. M (2007), How â€Å"Water for All! † policy became hegemonic: The power of the World Bank and its transnational policy ne tworks, Geoforum, 38(5), pp. 786-800 Goldsmith, E. Hildyard, N. (1992). The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams. Wadebridge. Wadebridge Ecological Centre. Helms,S,W. (1977). Jawa Excavations 1975. Third Preliminary Report. Levant, 9(1), pp. 21-35 Hwang.N. R, Moh. Z. C. (1996) Instrumentation for Underground Construction Projects, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. International Rivers Organizaion (2008) The World Commission on Dams Framework – A Brief Introduction, Retrieved From: http://www. internationalrivers. org/node/2526 Karagiannis, I, C. Soldatos, P, G. (2007). Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment, Desalination, 223( 1-3), pp. 448-456 Kumar, C, P. (2003). Fresh Water Resources: A Perspective. National Institute of Hydrology. India. Stanley, J. (2011). What Are Results of Poor Access to Safe Domestic Water Supplies?C. Skills for Study 2: Development Issues, 43, 32-39. Nottingham, UK: KIC. Tove A. Larsen. Gujer,W. (1997). The concept of sustainable Urban Water Management. Water Science and Technology. 35(9), 1997, pp. 3-10 World Bank (1993), Water Resources Management Policy Paper, Washington DC; The World Bank. World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and Development: a new framework for decision-making, the report of the world commission on dams. London; Earthscan Publications. World Health Organization . (2004). Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates, Retrieved From: http://www. ho. int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index. html Younos, T. (2005). Environmental Issues of Desalination. Contemporary Water Research ; Education. Issue: 132. PP. 11-18 Garwalmail, A (2010). Simple Diagram to show Rainwater Harvesting. Retrieved From: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Simple_Diagram_to_show_Rainwater_Harvesting. png A fish ladder built around a dam in the Pacific Northwest, (2010). Retrieved From: http://adventure. howstuffworks. com/outdoor-activities/fishing/fish-conservation/fish-populations/fish-ladder1. htm